Showing posts with label stem education. Show all posts
Showing posts with label stem education. Show all posts

Wednesday, September 20, 2023

Humanitarian Imperative: We must do more.

Last week I took a class on humanitarian emergencies around the world. It ran from 9 to 5 each week day. With speakers from

  • U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 
  • Bureau of Humanitarian Affairs (BHA), 
  • Center for Disease Control (CDC), and 
  • Doctors without Borders / Medicens Sans Frontieres (MSF), 

we really got a massive introduction to how American-based agencies and non-governmental organizations respond to disasters and conflict across the world. Response is complex, from the rapid assessments, logistics, measurement and evaluation for response, to the research and development prior, during, and after the onset of humanitarian emergencies. Nobody can do it all, and nobody can do it alone.

The American Red Cross has been part of my college going experience, both in my undergraduate years at Tulane in New Orleans, and here in my doctoral program at the University of Washington in Seattle. I advise a group of really cool and caring undergraduates, and what I want most for them is to develop the disposition to be brave and responsible. The skills and knowledge will come from more formal training, but I think the primary lesson from these experiences is "You are doing something most other people aren't doing. We need more of that."

Red Cross values mural
The mural outside the New York Red Cross from a trip in 2011.

Challenges for Humanitarian Response

Worldwide, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) about 108.4 million people have been displaced from their homes, with about 30 million refugees and 53 million internally displaced people (IDPs). The primary difference between refugee status and IDP status is whether a national border has been crossed. Resettlement, integration, or repatriation are longer term goals for assisting these populations, but more immediately, 

Situations become humanitarian emergency when local and national governments cannot cope to alleviate these conditions following a natural disaster or armed conflict. People are often displaced due to immediate safety, but they may also move because their means of making a living have been disrupted. Displacement becomes a serious disruption to a population's living conditions, and communities may have difficulties sustaining their services once the shock of a disaster occurs.

The big four communicable disease and the one preventable comorbidity that we see in humanitarian emergencies:

  • Measles - highly contagious among vulnerable, unvaccinated children
  • Malaria - vector-borne diseases caused by different plasmodia carried by mosquitos
  • Cholera / Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) - the consequence of insecure water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure, or WASH
  • Acute Respiratory Illness - overcrowding and poor air circulation in shelters make parts of the population more vulnerable
  • Malnutrition - marasmus and kwashiokor, especially in children under 5; different grades of malnutrition are all avoidable, yet treatable

Some questions that arise when addressing a response:

  • How many people are affected? Who are they?
  • What services are already there?
  • Who else is helping? When will their operations be running? What are our timetables?
  • Where are the people? Where can people camp? Are there other kinds of shelter?
  • What are the priorities to provide the most effective assistance?
  • Which externalities do we need to mitigate? How do we reduce risk?
  • What data are we basing decisions on?
  • Do we have the community's trust?
  • How can we survey for needs?
  • What surveillance do we have on communicable diseases?
  • How can we prevent the situation from getting worse?
  • How long are we here? What if it becomes unsafe for us?

The hand-off between humanitarian response, which focuses on life-sustaining and immediate stabilization, to recovery and international development, isn't something we focus on. Who has the most immediate responsibility for housing and economic opportunities? Usually, that's the host government, but the disaster obviously worsens how they function.

Minimum Standards

We talked about the Sphere Handbook for minimum standards in humanitarian response.

These Sphere standards include:

  • 7.5 L of water per person per day for all uses after the onset of the response with 15 L per person per day as a goal
  • 500 m to the closest potable water source
  • 3.5 m2 of space per person, just above the size of a queen-sized bed
  • 1 latrine per 20 people with a goal for 1 latrine per family

It's far from ideal, but some disasters can displace tens of thousands of people. With a moving population, and unfortunately, the expectation of casualties, the "right" logistical decisions flux. Space and supplies are limited, and distribution, use of resources, and open supply chains require constant monitoring in environments where real-time data collection, or even post-hoc data collection, is delayed with high potential for under-reporting.

The Network and the Work

I'm thinking about what might come after my doctoral work.

Discussion

I have personally never been part of a humanitarian emergency. I haven't traveled abroad (besides Canada when I was a kid. When I interned for the Red Cross in Southeast Louisiana, hurricane season was mild.

I do donate, just knowing how a little can go a long way. Some of the translational work in communicating the scale and scope of humanitarian response might be converting dollar amounts to hypothetical resources such as "this provides a tent for a family" or "this provides water for this amount of people."

The dollar amounts for worldwide humanitarian response is usually in the hundreds of billions range, but I always think about how the GDP of Earth is something like $85 trillion. GDP is obviously not the best number for this situation, but to me, I think it puts our priorities into perspective. Some disaster responses might cost about the same as one of the more middling Marvel movies or the collective amount we spend on holiday decorations. It's more complicated than that, but at the root, much of human suffering is the result of the uneven distribution of humanity's collective resources across our planet.

Some countries are not as vulnerable to prolonged humanitarian crises, and the countries that are most vulnerable cannot fix their infrastructure themselves.

Tuesday, August 22, 2023

Animals in Seattle: Urban Ecologies

Seattle’s vibrant urban wildlife has many niches where they can thrive. In this list, I want to combine my personal observation of animals around Seattle with reflections of what I want to learn more about. In addition to the photos and gif’d videos of animals, I throw in some research, because more research is always needed.

I sometimes teach an enrichment animal behavior and neuroscience class where we watch animal videos, dissect brains, try to make sense of what we observe, and then ask more questions. We do some preliminary research, pose tentative models, and push our thinking. Even though I’m typically working with younger elementary students, they can grok concepts as well as some of the high school and undergraduate students I come across. I always frame the class as a “college course” since they take it in one of the campus classrooms. I combine Ambitious Science Teaching with STEM Teaching Tools.

I know this list does not include any cold-blooded animals, invertebrates, and anything that lives in waterways. I also didn’t list geese since they’ll have a special place in hell… I also don’t have any photos or recordings of the various singing white-crowned sparrows. They sing incessantly in the springtime, but now I miss them. The neural mechanisms of birdsong fascinate me. Here’s a research review: Birdbrains could teach basal ganglia research a new song (Doupe et al., 2005).


Dogs

I only know two dogs by name, and Cessna the family dog is pretty and pampered. The other one I know is our mascot, Dubs II. Dogs do that cute head-tilt, and here’s some research on that: An exploratory analysis of head-tilting in dogs (Sommese et al., 2021).

dog steps outside and looks back
Cessna!

Dubs gets his diploma
Dubs II gets his diploma (June 2023).

Cats

The only two other animals I know by name are two cats with the same human parents.

Whenever I teach my animal neuroscience class, the topic of cats falling out of windows emerges from cats always landing on their feet. Here’s a technical paper: Design of a Practical Cat-Righting Reflex (crr) Model (Manerikar and Anandpara, 2015).

A handsome orange loaf.

Rabbits

Throughout the parks and gardens around Seattle, even the sculpture garden outside the Chihuly glasshouse, rabbits seem abundant. Here’s an article that shows the hippocampus associates a conditioned eye-blink response in rabbits: Hippocampectomy disrupts trace eye-blink conditioning in rabbits (Moyer et al., 2015).

 

rabbit looking away in a garden
I wish I could track their family trees.
There are a lot of these floppy-eared grass eaters.

rabbit cleaning itself
At Chihuly Garden (2023).

Squirrels

There are a surprisingly high number of wholesome squirrel-based fictional characters: Squirrel Girl from Marvel, Marshal from Animal Crossing, and Sandy from Spongebob Squarepants. In real life, though, squirrels seem to have a reputation of being pests that swarm. Research suggests squirrels are taking over our urban centers: Urban grey squirrel ecology, associated impacts, and management challenges (Merrick et al., 2016).

 

squirrel flexing on a path
A muscular squirrel flexing.

squirrel in a parking lot
Not sure if avoidant or just into eating.

Racoons

I saw what these critters can do. Look at High Evolutionary. They’re not too concerned about being eaten, apparently: Racoonvigilance and activity patterns when sympatric with coyotes (Chitwood et al., 2020).

 

raccoon on a path
Usually found on paths near water.

Gulls

These glaucous-winged gulls often have beef with the other animals. Here’s a study that meters how much plastic was found in gulls, but with increasing impacts as more and more plastic gets into the environment: Plastic consumption and diet of glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) (Lindborg et al., 2012).

animals fight over a bag of chips
This fight escalated right outside my office.
Five gulls, one squirrel, and one crow
fight over a bag of chips.

Crows

I secretly want to start a trading system with crows to see if they can help me find loose change in exchange for some treats. These birds, an offshoot of dinosaurs, evolved social and perceptual intelligences: Abstract rule neurons in the endbrains support intelligent behaviour in corvid songbirds (Veit and Nieder, 2013).

 

three crows on a lawn
I wonder if they have different talents and dreams.

Ducks

These represent one of the UW's athletic rivals, but I'm not sure if that's true anymore with the Big 10 changes. These ducks are far better visitors than the geese that land in our ponds. Here is a review of birds imprinting, a form of learning: Visual imprinting in birds: Behavior, models, and neural mechanisms (McCabe, 2019).

mother duck with ducklings
Drumheller Fountain on Rainier Vista.

a duck waits outside a restaurant
A very polite duck. Other people passing by
also took pictures.

Coyotes

I’m one of the sole students who might stroll into my office before 5 a.m., but on W Day this year, I saw three coyotes in front. I think I could take one, but I waited for them to pass by. I’m more scared for the tiny critters they may eat. Here’s a link to the Seattle Coyote Study.

 

coyote on campus
Of all days to choose to go in early
(W Day, 2022).

Discussion

The animals around Seattle get me to think about how much we know about, how much we don’t know about them, and our relationship to our shared environment. I also marvel at the methodological repertoire of the sciences to better understand this world and the beings that inhabit it.

Sunday, August 13, 2023

9 Examples of Letters of Recommendation Written by a Teacher

As I look forward to the back to school season, I heard from several of my former high school students about where they are now. They're all making more money than me!

 

At the end of one year, admin let me know that my car
was singly vandalized by a bunch of nerdy students.
This is the thanks I get smh.

Here are nine examples of Letters of Recommendation I've written for high school students over the years, covering different goals, including scholarships, internships, and admissions. I mostly wrote in the capacity as a high school science teacher, specifically chemistry, physics, and robotics. There were two times when I was in grad school when writing. I've redacted identifying details and program specifics.

For a Full Ride Scholarship

[Name] has my highest recommendation for his academic achievement, engineering potential, and his conscientious personality. I have known [Name] as his FIRST robotics mentor since he started high school, encompassing [Time Period and Events].  [Name] has been a team leader and a quick study from the start with responsibilities including [Skills], and cooperating with other teams as [Officer].

            Each summer and fall, [Name] has led projects in reimagining our robots. Not only has he made some of our robot demos to younger audiences more memorable and interactive, he often reused parts already in our shop, adding minimal expenses to off-season projects while effectively training other students. His assessments are accurate, and whenever he identifies what the team needs he always includes potential solutions.  For his team contributions over the years, [Name] was recognized with [Award]. Now, as a senior, [Name] has essentially created his own job as our team’s project manager, restructuring previous build captain positions to be more conscientious of budget, deadlines, and student talent development.

            In athletics, [Name] focuses on improvement, pushing himself, yet knowing when to rest. In [Sport], his hustle is noticeable from the stands as he leads from the front; in track, he literally raises the bar... [Name] has managed to schedule his athletic activities in a way that he can still fully participate in his other extracurriculars. After school, he [Schedule]. He’s still willing to work on projects from home, often bringing plenty of ideas the next time our team meets. On the occasions where he misses a meeting, his absence is clearly felt, yet the team is still able to carry out the plans that [Name] helps lay out.

            Academically, he is the single top student I have encountered in my teaching career, which includes a selective subset of high achieving gifted kids. He can handle advanced material and he respects the feedback levied against his work. I realize that some teachers and mentors may actually find his attitudes polarizing, since [Name] can be a bit confident in his understandings; however, I found that he will often adjust and deepen his understandings once he has time to wrestle with an issue. He learns quickly with great working and episodic memory; that is, he’ll retain a lot of information and can recall his experiences in great detail. In college, he would greatly benefit from projects, labs, and undergraduate research experiences. [Name] rarely appears “overloaded” because he sets up his time very well, and his physical and mental endurance is evident in how he can remain extremely productive in the short and long term.

            Though self-deprecating about his public speaking, he obviously holds the audience’s attention. At our many team demos to young children and presentations to engineers, the feedback about our team often specifically mentions [Name]. In team discussions with mentors, [Name] is articulate and on-task, focused on achieving goals on a schedule. For each robotics season, we have a six week deadline, and [Name] has become adept at delivering a functional product as he leads his fellow students.

            During competitions, he is always focused on getting ready for the upcoming match. He has learned from some of the frustrations of maintaining plenty of moving parts, both on the robot and amongst teenaged personalities. However, [Name] is highly reflective and embodies the notion of gracious professionalism. He’s funny, too. [Name] is willing to guide other students who might be pushed to the margins, and he exhibits great patience. His mindset is always to fix and learn from mistakes, and he never blames people. Rather, he contextualizes the situation they’re in. He realizes that challenges aren’t supposed to be easy, but are calls to act and do. When we talk one-on-one, [Name]’s genuine beliefs are so reassuring, and I’ve become a more empowered educator and researcher because now I know I’ll have a great colleague in the future.

            My research interests as a doctoral student at UW-Seattle have undoubtedly been framed by my experiences mentoring [Name]. From educational neuroscience to gifted and STEM education policy, [Name] has informed what I see as the upper limits of human development and potential. I cannot wait to see what [Name] will do in college and as a young professional, as he gears up to be the world’s next great engineer.

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For a Research Experience as an Undergraduate (REU)

[Name] is a conscientious student who makes her opinions and deeply held beliefs known through her writing. When given the opportunities to present, her preparation, diligence, and humor are shared with her peers. I have known [Name]through her participation in robotics … and as her chemistry and physics teacher. She has made many connections between the physical sciences and their applications in biomedical sciences, exploring these advanced topics in imaging, radioactive medicine, and pharmacokinetics in some of her projects and research materials throughout my courses.

            She works smart on research, preparing annotated bibliographies and research notes in a meticulous system that she isn’t afraid to share or show her expertise. She often studies, spending most of her mornings in the science wing looking over notes before the school day starts whilst occasionally tutoring her fellow students. [Name]is not afraid to ask for help, either, but would prefer that she master a skill or concept on her own; she never asks for the answer, but seeks the help she needs to form her own understandings.

            Certainly, she possesses a level of studiousness recognized by her peers, and at best, she is looked at as an intellectual leader. In collaborative projects, [Name] has demonstrated her leadership by delegating tasks and keeping to the deadlines she sets.

            In college, [Name] will likely participate in several extracurricular activities and societies. Her expansive resume is only eclipsed by the fact that many of the clubs of her interest did not exist until she created them, such as multicultural club. For robotics, [Name] has participated in some of our outreach events to promote STEM education to 4-8 grade students across the parish. She has interests not only in the biomedical sciences, but in complex sociological issues regarding … and changing economies. [Name] is articulate in the intersection of the natural and social sciences, and she has proven herself to be proficient at researching, programming, and modeling different phenomena.

            [Name] is a hard worker, and she has the potential to become a highly active, productive, student in college. She would excel in an environment with like-minded peers and would benefit greatly from undergraduate research experience. [Name] will also greatly contribute to the university’s student life and later, as a student researcher primed for lab work. I enthusiastically recommend her application.

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For a Summer Science Internship

[Name] was a student in my spring semester chemistry class. As a new student to my class – which I, and the students, would consider accelerated and more challenging than other sections – [Name] stood out with his humor, and he emerged a leader. My instructional focus on overarching concepts and higher order quantitative reasoning was different, yet [Name]’s consistently strong performance during day-to-day activities offered clarifying insight and well-timed chemistry themed jokes. His easygoing, playful nature disguise his genuine concern for understanding and improvement.

            My tests were pretty rough, affectionately nicknamed things like the Tenderizer, but [Name] refused to be tenderized. I recall that even on the first few chemistry tests, he scored in the top 10%-15% out of 120 students. He was one of the few new spring semester students who quickly adapted to learning more material in a shortened amount of time. His knack for understanding patterns was evident in advanced material regarding acids, bases, and organic molecules; while a majority of the class was initially stymied by nomenclature or calculations, [Name] was capable of working with different sets of rules to identify properties of various chemicals. 

            One Saturday in March, the Ides of March in fact, [Name] and another student took the opportunity to take a practice ACT, which was a three hour commitment. I vividly recall that day because it was foggy, and I was running a bit late. [Name] drove and was patiently waiting in the school parking lot. I opened my classroom and let the students in. Then I ran off to make copies of the test booklet. When I returned, [Name] had written projections of what he expected to score, though he specified areas that he needed to improve. These predictions were pretty accurate, though he was pleasantly surprised on one subtest and “dun goofed” on another. However, we discussed strategies for him to mitigate and recover from any mistakes. These predictions remained on my board over the weekend, and prompted other students to volunteer their goals for the ACT.

            As an aside, I also offered to buy nachos, supreme nachos, and though visibly tempted, they refused. To me, this was not only an instance of hyper-focus in practicing for the ACT, but a feat of superhuman resistance: those nachos were awesome.

            Teaching, especially in STEM classes, is difficult, but purposeful work. [Name] is of the order of students who inspire me to continue my own education. Already, he has gained so much from his experiences at [Program] this summer, and I would imagine that the continued opportunity for professional mentoring will carry momentum as he begins his collegiate career next fall. Thus, I highly recommend [Name] for [Program].

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For a Work Internship during a Gap Year

I am writing to recommend [Name], currently a senior at [School], for an internship position in your office. [Name] is a hardworking, capable student in my physics class who is heavily involved in her school and civic communities. She is president of the school’s [Environmental Club] which strives to maintain a clean, healthy school environment by collecting all of the school’s recycling and cultivating the green spaces on our campus. She has also served our school on the [Sport] team and by being an active member in National Honors Society, Student Council and Interact Club, which all participate in a variety of community outreach experiences.

            Academically, [Name] has maintained high grades in challenging honors and Advanced Placement courses throughout high school. This academic year, she is among the top 10 students in her graduating class of 200. She works well with others, keeping them oriented to accomplishing their goals, and she is open to critique on improving her workflow and products. Specifically, in physics [Name] maintains an open mind to learning physics theory while also being able to apply this knowledge into making functioning mechanical and electrical components. She is never afraid to ask for help, yet she problem solves independently and seeks cooperation from other students and teachers. She often mediates the group so that they can reorganize and reframe their ideas to make theory become a reality. Indeed, her academic experiences reflect a commitment to high quality work, a love of learning, and successful social and emotional skills required for a demanding atmosphere.

            [Name]’s post-high school plans are incredibly thoughtful, weighing the costs and benefits of the options available to her. I have the highest confidence that [Name] possesses the personality and perseverance to fit into any type of work environment.

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For Selective College Admission

[Name] was in my chemistry class last year at [School]. He made it memorable, ascending to the title of Lord [Name] the Bard and regaling the class with brilliantly adapted or improvised song. Not only did he enhance the class through entertainment, but he consistently offered clarifying insight for his fellow students. In class, [Name] was always willing to tackle big ideas in science, not only regarding methodology and the direction of research on a technical level, but also on an ethical level. In particular, he has expressed interest in the implications of empathy and the chemical basis of emotion, leading discussion and spirited debate. During class competition and reviews, he has demonstrated strategic prowess. Not only did he answer questions quickly and correctly, but he optimized his team’s performance by maximizing scoring opportunities and delegating tasks to group members.

            This pattern of excellence continued the entire year. He quickly adapted to learning large amounts of material in a shortened amount of time. His knack for understanding patterns was evident in advanced material regarding acids, bases, and organic molecules; while a majority of the class was initially stymied by nomenclature or calculations, [Name] was capable of working with different sets of rules to identify properties of various chemicals. 

            This year, [Name] joined the [Robotics Team] which I mentor. He began in the fall, and he will continue on in this “varsity sport of the mind” this upcoming spring during the six week build season. His commitment is greatly appreciated and seems to be inspiring to newer students. As a senior, he has become a model for younger students to follow. Despite his initial inexperience, [Name] will have plenty of opportunities to develop general knowledge in mechanics and electronics as well as employ soft skills in teamwork and strategy.

            Additionally, [Name] has demonstrated a breadth of interest throughout high school, participating in chorus, [Program], athletics, and writing competitions. Though he has expressed interest in the medical field, [Name] is capable of weighing options and keeping an open mind. He is a well-rounded student who has demonstrated adaptability; indeed [Name] has expressed that he simply wants to be the best [Name] that he can be. [College] will provide an excellent academic environment for [Name], and he will benefit tremendously around peers with similar talents and drive. Though he performed outstandingly in an accelerated chemistry class, I only wish that our school had a gifted class where he and other students could excel even more.

            Teaching, especially STEM, is difficult, but purposeful work. Students like [Name] inspire me to be the best teacher that I can be: … and my reason for going into education rather than medical school or gerontology or biomedical engineering was because I’d have the potential to mentor future leaders in STEM, health, humanities, arts, and business. [Name] is a part of a brilliant future, and I highly recommend him for admissions into [College] for the class of [Year].

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For the Common App

            [Name] thinks intensely and efficiently. His economy of words carries authority during classroom discussion, and I can always count on [Name] to pick up on the big ideas in physics, conceptually and mathematically. He has a knack for translating this new vocabulary and grammar to his fellow classmates with wit and intensity. When challenged with multi-step problems in classical mechanics that require some concept learned a semester ago, or even from other math classes or chemistry, [Name] proceeds in a systematic, well-thought manner without complaint. He studies physics in a mature way that shows a deep understanding of complex interactions, highlighting the key variables without being bogged down in minor technical minutia. On tests, his explanations always fill the space neatly, always supported by examples with numbers.

            [Name] would fare well in an accelerated environment with peers with similar interests and intensity. He shows greatest interest in cosmological, astronomical, and quantum mechanical topics, but few opportunities come up in class since its focus is algebra-based classical mechanics. While few students knew what LIGO is, [Name] was devastated we had to cancel a trip to see the Laser Interferometer Gravity Wave Observatory up in rural Louisiana. In class, he often masters the material far faster than any other student and can reference long-forgotten topics, so enrichment specifically designed for [Name] is a niche I have to carve out in my lessons. He is savvy to the latest breakthroughs in theoretical physics; his mastery of classical mechanics probably comes from his time on the varsity [Sport] team.

            In a research environment working with a mentor, [Name] has the maturity to work both in cooperation and independently. Per unit time spent, he is indeed the most efficient in engineering projects, but he seems to prefer more abstract challenges. On rare occasions, [Name]’s interactions with other students appear critical in a pessimistic way, such as telling other classmates why a particular aspect of their project would not work. Though he is often correct in his analysis of these moments, a brief reflection allows him to offer a few suggestions that could help. For his own products, [Name] often designs simple solutions that work.

            [Name] enters the class with a greeting and never leaves without wishing for me to have a good day. He is amongst the brightest at [School], in the top 5% in academic class ranking. He takes away lessons with simple messages with the understanding that each plays a part in a larger, complex universe. While other students hesitate to draw conclusions, [Name] realizes there is little risk in entertaining certain ideas, allowing him to freely process various permutations of concepts. [Name] never makes excuses, and any setbacks he sees as opportunities to rethink, work harder, and overcome.

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For College Admissions (Restricted Word Count)

[Name] has the potential to become a great engineer. She’s precocious… and she’s persistent. She joined our [Robotics], and has contributed greatly to our outreach to local K-8 schools. She has also served as a volunteer at qualifying events our team has hosted as well as two regional competitions with over 50 teams each. I taught her chemistry, and I was her robotics mentor during [Year].

            In class, [Name] summarized her notes in a synthesis of analysis and personalization. She understood some chemistry concepts by making some metaphors or actively engaging with the phenomena through our lab activities. In robotics, she was present at most meetings and events to relay information to the team. She carries out her responsibilities as a team-player with a uniquely “[Name]-sense-of-humor.” 

            [Context], however she remains a good, overall well-rounded student. She works best when her dispositions can be put in check by her peers.

            [Name] is active on [School]’s campus by being representing as [Officer] for [Club], as a Freshman Mentor, and a member of the National Honor’s Society. She intends to pursue her senior research project about women in engineering fields, and she has much to contribute. On the robotics team, she serves as both a builder who assists other teams in building their chassis. [Name] will help coordinate outreach activities and sponsor visits.

            Indeed, [Name] will become a contributing member to your college campus’s student life. I feel that she would benefit from peer-mentoring programs and that she’ll excel at independent research projects. [Name] learns best once she knows how her support system works, and she becomes increasingly independent with feedback; that is, she listens, and once she gets rolling, she’ll start thriving.

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For an Arts-Oriented Program

[Name] represents the best of [School], not only possessing a stellar grade point average, but by embodying an omnipresent spirit. She’s active everywhere! If you were to go to any given school-wide event, [Name] is there taking pictures, capturing these beautiful moments for posterity. She gets along with just about everyone on campus, and everyone, including myself, can only dream of being as cool as [Name].

            She manages her time extremely efficiently, given her extensive participation in the school’s community life; she outperforms many of her peers because she prioritizes her needs and carves out time to study, seeking the help of her teachers or finding time to collaborate with others. In my chemistry class, she achieved some of the highest grades because she focused on thinking widely without getting bogged down into details; she would still notice those details, however, and restate them in her own way. Comparing notebooks, [Name]’s organizational skills match professional scientists and engineers. [Name] absorbs material rapidly, but rather than being spongy, she artfully filters and resynthesizes big ideas. She even asks questions, and more importantly, checks her understanding without prompting, demonstrating that she takes charge of her own learning. In short, I have the highest confidence in [Name]’s academic abilities.

            Not only does [Name] possess qualities of great thinkers, she also has gifts necessary for leadership such as communication, goal-setting, and a robust sense of duty. Her leadership roles include running [Club] service projects as she climbed the ranks through different elected offices. With her careful guidance, the [Club] was able to undertake impactful and sustainable local service projects to help bolster [City]’s community. As a member of our award winning [Club], she faithfully conducts meetings and shares her art and writing, always seeking to improve upon each iteration. As a school ambassador, she welcomes new and returning students into a … [lifelong learning community]. Her performances on-stage and on-screen top off her contributions in theatre and broadcasting. As one of the many stylish hats that she wears, her behind the scenes work permeates through these high-quality productions.

            [Name] thinks critically and roots all of her forms of expression in a well-attuned sense of empathy. She recognizes what can be improved, but always sees the upside to everything. She dedicates much of her time perfecting her art in a community-driven environment. As a young teacher, I feel that [Name]’s omnipresence models a quality that I strive to emulate. [Name], always there, ready to give her all.

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For an Engineering Scholarship

[Name] demonstrates extremely high potential in STEM with his active interest in both unifying natural theories of our universe and his desire to learn about systems and mechanisms. I have known [Name] for the last two years, and he plays an integral part of [School]’s community as a member of the [Art], [Sport] team, and a member of our [Robotics] team.

            [Name] also volunteers his time strengthening [City] throughout the year with beautification ministry through his church and over the summer as an intern for [Civic Organization]. His mastery of tool use reciprocates from his experiences on robotics and through service projects which have led him towards a path in mechanical engineering.

            With his strong academics and his service background, [Name] had permanently affixed himself to the top of my chemistry class, always achieving the highest grades and mastering content well in advanced to his peers. He remarked how principles in chemistry were interrelated, and he used most of his time building his knowledge and understanding instead of relearning basic concepts. He often explained material to his classmates using examples and enthusiasm with an “If I can do it, you can, too” attitude. His classmates love [Name], the humble [Instrument]-playing nerd who happens to play [Sport] and can lift heavy objects.

            … I have utmost confidence that his interests would have expanded as a result of being around academically stronger students. His math can become muddled because of a desire to show all work, even bits that are not relevant to the problem, but this meticulousness is only at the cost of speed and not precision; he takes time to do everything instead of filtering out irrelevant information, though he is usually correct. Much improvement will arise both math and writing once he practices strategies to speed up simpler tasks. [Name] excels at producing polished work for longer term projects where the details matter more, such as each nine weeks project in our chemistry and physics classes and his senior research project on [Topic]. According to his English teachers, his paper was capable of blowing their minds while being grammatically correct and stylistically pleasant.

            Overall, I highly recommend [Name] for consideration for your scholarship. [Name] shows promise as a future mechanical engineer and as a citizen of the world who will dedicate his time in the service of others. His works exemplify the spirit of learning through experiences which build on one another, and he explores science topics seeking breadth with depth. [Name] brings humor and excitement, humanizing the natural sciences and applying them to real world contexts. I hope that he is able to develop a vision for innovation while iterating upon his successful experiences.

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Discussion 

I feel comfort in knowing I've helped students pursue life-changing educational opportunities.  I'm really proud.

Friday, August 11, 2023

What Do the Robots Actually Do? Examples from Different Classes

I taught elementary to high school robotics for the past five summers. We add pool noodles so moving metal parts won't damage the classroom or the other robots. I try to let the students figure it out, and I mostly help by loosening over-tightened screws.

Drive Train

Most of the time, the robots roll around. This is either two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive depending on how many motors we have across the entire class.

cup obstacle course for a teleop robot
A student drives around a totally made up obstacle course.
They were supposed to bump the last cup.

Line Finder

This was a Lego robot made by an elementary student to find and follow lines. The tradeoff for accuracy is usually speed and turning, and the line needs decently high contrast and good lighting.

Lego robot line finder goes back and forth
Proof of concept. When it  kinda worked,
the laughter was worth the frustration of figuring it out.

Catapult

A simple design, but it requires students to balance speed and torque to move fast enough to launch the ball while also lifting itself up.

robot catapult launches ball
Notice the pool noodle as a physical stop.
These are surprisingly strong.

Whacky Arm

This just requires one motor, and a quick upgrade requires just one more perpendicular motor.

 

Linear Launcher

Rack gear launchers with a slip gear turn the rotational motion of the motor to a linear motion punch. I find the clash of metal it makes so satisfying.


 

robot launches ball into a bowl
Just short of three-in-a-row.

robot launches ball into cup
The robot version of the Bozo Cup Game.

Flywheel

Flywheels at this scale require a lot of compound gearing, getting the right angle, and making it all sturdy and compact enough to fit on the robot.

Discussion

I often advise students to think of designs that have real-world counterparts and to think about how it will all fit together at this scale. They only have a few tools, usually hex wrenches, to put the robots together, but a lot of it is facilitated by having a big enough set of parts. I try to get them to just keep building and modifying, while recording changes in their engineering notebook. They draw and list out what they plan on building each class.

Besides these short videos, the robots are ephemeral. They need to be taken apart so they can fit into storage each summer. But, ahem, hopefully the experience of building the robots has some small impact on lifelong learning. And that's worth it.


The organized chaos and clutter of a robotics classroom helps spur on little-c creativity.

Wednesday, August 9, 2023

Robotics Education in K-12 Schools: Is it worth the investment?

Should K-12 students join robotics teams or take robotics classes?

Bottom line up front: Yes, robotics is an excellent extracurricular activity that emphasizes creativity, collaboration, and the development of professional skills. However, starting and sustaining programs remains the biggest barrier to entry, requiring outside grants and sponsorships and access to facilities.

Initial Thoughts

I now have over a decade of robotics mentoring and teaching experience. As a public school teacher, I fundamentally believe robotics programs help cultivate academic and professional interests for students on different learning pathways. Whether college bound or headed into technical fields out of high school, students have the opportunity cost of picking what they do outside of class. College teams apply classroom knowledge on focused projects like finding life on Mars (University Rover Challenge) or embodying a MOBA game (RoboMaster).

a Mars rover in a supply closet
I joined the rover team during my first year at UW!

four college volunteers assemble robot arena
The 2023 RoboMaster competition one floor below my office.

Robotics has been branded as “a sport of the mind,” or “the hardest fun you’ve ever had.” For adult mentors working with students, it can range from grueling endurance fests with ungodly hours to the most rewarding teaching moments. Students gain momentum and rally. You can chart their conceptual growth alongside their fabrication skills. You can see their confidence as they speak to sponsors and crowds.

I don’t think robotics is very much different than other extracurricular activities. Sports, arts, music, or community service are all worthwhile, and they aren’t mutually exclusive. Robotics has a unique community of practice from enthusiast to serious to serious enthusiasts. The goals and investment will vary by locale.

Goals for Robotics Teams

Robotics is challenging to describe since it combines a lot of different activities. It’s part building, programming, marketing, and project management.

What do the actually robots do? The robots typically push, pull, shoot, balance, race, or climb. Robot sizes vary from a small 18-inch cuboid to 120-pound robots whose only practical limitation is fitting through the door. My enrichment classes I teach have games that could be made up, or follow actual real-life games and sports.

Some competitions incorporate programming for autonomous movement and computer vision. Oddly enough, I think the Lego-based competitions are usually more difficult since the robots rely more on programming instead of remote control.

For elementary and middle school students this can be their first team experience. Some students might not have any building experience. Lego can be expensive. Competitions are low stakes, but they’re still performance and skills-based.

For high school students, this is a resume builder and early network. I find that many students find similar experiences at their colleges, either in coursework or in teams.

For college students, these robotics teams can be the foot in the door to different internships or research opportunities. Or it can just be something to do with other people in and out of their major. Regardless, it’s usually both work and passion by then. 

Who Benefits the Most?

high school students present a robot to elementary students
Outreach and presenting all-in-one

  • Students: early practical professional training; team and travel experience
  • Parents: work together on a project with their kids; they can also
  • Teachers: good coaching and mentoring gig
  • School Administrators: easy promotion for in kind commitments of space
  • School Community: shoutout during graduation ceremonies; overall boost to school pride
  • Industry Sponsors: proven recruitment tool for engineering and marketing

Besides some self-deprecating humor, I haven’t witnessed any stigma solely for being on a robotics team. Kids are respectful enough to at least respect the team aspect or opine, “They must be smart.” It might be self-selecting at first, but with outreach and reputation, you’ll get a good mix of people who support the team.

School Robotics Programs

Parents and other teachers often ask me about which programs to start with.

For K-12 robotics, FIRST and VEX have the most support. I endorse the mission of FIRST, “For inspiration and recognition of science and technology.” I wouldn’t recommend the documentary “More than Robots” on its watchability, but the sentiment and message is something I fully support. VEX can be good, too, but from my perspective at the university-level, I rarely see outcomes comparable to FIRST alumni.

a robotic flywheel
A flywheel shooter from my first summer in Seattle (2019)






robots in an arena playing a game
A made up game my TA's made called A.J.'s War(p)Zone.
(Summer 2022)

four robots playing Rocket League
Robot Rocket League (Summer 2023)

four robots playing robot volleyball
Robot Volleyball (Summer 2023)

Programs might lead to competition, but there are mixes of team and individual components. Organizers often promote cooperation with other teams since most events follow a randomized tournament structure.

Robotics might be part of a class curriculum, usually engineering and computer aided design (CAD) or some programming courses.

a humanoid Arduino robot
I taught Arduino robotics online in the Summer of 2020.
I made a flossing robot.

Summer camps mix standalone extracurricular enrichment with some curriculum, but I think something missing is a coherent structure and sustained work with professional mentors you’d get from more year-round teams.

Lastly, the educational quality of businesses focused on robotics and coding vary. They can range from McDojos to cram schools. I prefer more community-based groups, but the availability and reach of these organizations depends on location.

Startup and Maintenance Costs

Managing robotics teams requires many resources: mentoring, supervision, equipment, software, parts, project management, and a build space.

robotics studio build space
One of my classrooms. Normally an architecture studio.

boxes and a cart of robots in an office
My office from March 2020 to June 2021.

Elementary and middle school teams start at a few hundred dollars. High school teams, especially with the intent to travel, will cost several thousand dollars. This can be covered by some grants within the programs, and some school districts or local foundations may offer seed money. However, the costs to individual participants can add up. Long running teams might create a 501(c)(3) to deal with fundraising and reimbursements.

Not only is it resource-intensive, but activity is also constrained by geography. Although each high school can have as many sports teams as possible, each city has constraints on sponsors and technical mentoring. Some programs have particular vendors, and since the build season is in winter, you can except some shipping delays.

The calendar is set by the program, but here is an outline:

  • January to February: build season.
  • March to April: competition season
  • May to June: championship and demo season
  • July to August: back-to-school and offseason events
  • September to December: training new students and prototyping

Cultivating Interests and Personal Skills

Top students over the years, evidenced by their college and early career achievements, seem to be those who had interests beyond robotics. Other factors may contribute to this phenomenon.

Navigating overlapping student interests has consistently been the toughest work for me. Some want to be the very best; others remain content doing what they can. With a mix of process-oriented and product-oriented workflows, balancing out tasks was a challenge. I trust the design work of the student who worked with an actual rocket engineer over someone who thinks it would be cool just to try something. Those were easy calls and good opportunities for students to share their thinking. It was tougher when students didn’t want to do things like cleaning, sorting, and maintenance.

two high school students discuss at a robotics competition
Co-op-pertition is a positive virtue.

This is like a part-time job for students most of the year, but it can become a full-time job during the main build season. I also want to emphasize that it is like a job. Frankly, it isn’t their job, and I never saw the ultimate success of the team as having the best working robot. It’s corny, but at the literal end of the day I’d always hope for a lesson learned or a happy experience. Some days, the build could be frustrating because parts aren’t in with nothing to do or work piles up and becomes endlessly tedious. Those times are punctuated by moments of elation when the robot finally does what we intend.

Discussion

In short: yes, robotics is worth it. There aren’t any inherent downsides to joining a team for fun.

I wish public schools had the resources to support engineering curriculum. In the same way that P.E. classes should teach basic skills and general fitness, K-12 engineering classes should teach basic skills and principles. Like baseball and softball being a part of athletics, robotics and programming fit in the larger category of engineering.

An influential student from my team once said, “If I wanted students to better understand chemistry, I would start a chemistry course.” She compared herself to her college peers who seemed to have a more integrated engineering foundation. It was hard to disagree with her that teachers struggled teaching students the basics, much less connect big ideas and engender habitual, disciplined practice. I trust her judgment, as she gets her PhD in robotics.

After a decade of robotics, I still think it’s a fun, worthwhile hobby or team activity. I would like to see more education and learning science research into how teams work and learn together, as well as some long term outcomes for students.  

Open Questions

  1. Who should mentor robotics teams?
  2. Should a college student mentor a high school robotics team?
  3. Is robotics the best activity for high school students interested in engineering?

Quick Takes without Further Explanation (Future Blog Posts)

  1. Someone with patience who cares about learning. It's about more than robots.
  2. No*.
  3. No.

What Do the Robots Actually Do? Examples from Different Classes

I taught elementary to high school robotics for the past five summers. We add pool noodles so moving metal parts won't damage the classr...